Justice for the Widow

Mark 12:38-44

As he taught, he said, ‘Beware of the scribes, who like to walk around in long robes, and to be greeted with respect in the market-places, and to have the best seats in the synagogues and places of honor at banquets! They devour widows’ houses and for the sake of appearance say long prayers. They will receive the greater condemnation.’

He sat down opposite the treasury, and watched the crowd putting money into the treasury. Many rich people put in large sums. A poor widow came and put in two small copper coins, which are worth a penny. Then he called his disciples and said to them, ‘Truly I tell you, this poor widow has put in more than all those who are contributing to the treasury. For all of them have contributed out of their abundance; but she out of her poverty has put in everything she had, all she had to live on.’

Who has heard this story before?  What do you hear in it?  For most churches, this passage serves as an entry into Stewardship Season where pledges are pledged and congregations hear about money in Scripture, usually for the first time all year.  Greed is examined as an un-Christian thing, and we are told that it is the love of money that is the root of all evil.  The pursuit of wealth is frowned upon yet we are told to be generous in our giving.  Money, charity, and injustice are somehow tied together.

André Resner calls the widow in today’s passage ‘the patron saint of stewardship Sunday,’ which happens to be today in the United Church of Christ.  She is raised up as the model example of sacrificial giving.  I have heard sermons that have basically asked, "Why can’t we all be more like her?  If we all just took the money from our favorite Dunkin’ Donuts Iced Latte Frappachino Surprise one time every week, we could raise our pledge dollars by so much and that would bump the budget up to here and look at all the good stuff we could do as a result – the widow, after all, gave everything so why can’t we?"

Do you see how that has nothing to do with what Jesus wants us to see?

Beware of the scribes, Jesus said; they devour widows’ houses.  We are called to care for widows and orphans in their distress (James 1:27); God said we are not to abuse any widow or orphan (Exodus 22:22); the Lord upholds the orphan and the widow but the way of the wicked is brought to ruin (Psalm 146:9).  Widows and orphans have a special place in God’s heart and therefore, their wellbeing ought to inform our sense of justice.

Unlike the scribes in today’s reading, our giving ought to sustain those who can ill afford to give all that they have.  We would preach against poverty, not encourage it.

Justice and charity need each other.  Charity, though, often falls short of providing essential needs.  Arthur Simon, founder of Bread for the World, once pointed out that the two wealthiest districts in Manhattan have had more soup kitchens than the two poorest districts simply because of where the donors, not the hungry people, were located.  Food banks can fill a hole but are unable on their own to solve the persistent problem of hunger unless we also make changes to public policy.

Jesus is not here to praise the widow’s extreme giving; he is here to lament it.  He is calling us to be better stewards of both our financial resources and of our faith community.  The good news is that God sees what is really going on even when no one else does.  God is present for the widow and God will be present for us as we begin the work of fulfilling our responsibilities to the least among us.  This, I think, is the primary purpose of the church.

Amen.

Tax Break Conversations?

"The EITC and CTC prevent more people from falling into poverty than any other program outside of Social Security."  EITC is the earned-income tax credit.  CTC is the child tax credit.  These two tax credits are designed specifically to benefit low-income working families, of which we have many in this country.

The U.S. Senate Finance Committee discussed expired tax benefits for two hours on July 21.  Amelia Kegan, deputy director of government relations at Bread for the World, describes what happened in her report here.  Read the whole thing; it's only one page.

We the people support tax credits for all sorts of things, and we subsidize all sorts of industries, from oil exploration to cotton farming.  Not all recipients need or require tax credits or subsidies all the time.  Subsidies have their own pros and cons.  Farm subsidies, for example, can lift up farmers in a bad growing year, but can also exert a negative effect on the environment.

Unfortunately, most tax credits and subsidies are buried in complex legislation that, it seems, relies on its own immensity to hide the details from the view of the average person.  The latest Farm Bill, for example, is like that.  In fact, President Obama likened it to a Swiss Army knife:

Not all of that has anything to do with farming.  So read Kegan's column.  Wonder why tax reform is such a difficult topic for elected officials to wrestle with.  Consider asking your own elected officials what's up with that.  It will be an interesting conversation.

Peace.

Ever Before Me

Based on Psalm 51:1-12; 2 Samuel 11:26-12:13a

A friend in Maine has a bumper sticker – one of many – on her pickup truck that reads: “If you’re not OUTRAGED, you’re not paying attention.”

According to the BBC, in March, 2011, pro-democracy protests erupted in the Syrian city of Deraa after the arrest and torture of some teenagers who had spray-painted revolutionary slogans on a wall.  By July, nationwide protests demanded President Bashar al-Assad’s resignation.  One thing led to another and the country descended into civil war.  Since then, some 200,000 people have been killed; 11,000,000 displaced from their homes; and 3,900,000 live as refugees in other countries.

Last week, Assad admitted that the war had taken its toll on government forces.

CNN reported in April that North Korean leader Kim Jong Un had ordered the executions of 15 government officials so far this year, based on information provided by the South Korean National Intelligence Service.  For example, one senior official with the Ministry of Forestry was executed for expressing dissatisfaction with the country's forestry program.

Neither Assad in Syria nor Kim Jong Un in North Korea can afford to allow any dissent or challenges to their authority, and so their default position is to crush it completely.  How might things be different in their respective countries today had they a Nathan of their own to tell them parables about the abuse of power.

Psalm 51 is one of about a dozen psalms that respond to a specific situation in Scripture.  Thus, the context for Psalm 51 comes from today’s reading from Second Samuel, and it is a psalm of David, not by David.  But let’s forget David for a minute; these twelve verses become highly personal and affecting when we hear them with our own situations in mind.

The root of Sin is a distorted or broken relationship with God, and we know it when it happens, as in verse 3: “I know my transgressions, and my sin is ever before me.”  We tend to be pretty quick with our Sunday assurances of pardon, but we can’t just wave our sin away with words.  We need to face up to our sin as David did.  Our confession of sin implies the need for a clean heart and a new spirit.

This is God's judgment: that we need purging 'with hyssop;' we need wisdom; we need to acknowledge our iniquities, our transgressions.  Only then can forgiveness and reconciliation with our neighbors occur.  Only then can God create in us a clean heart and a new spirit.

Imagine how difficult it must be to continually dodge the truth that we have sinned before the Lord; how much physical and emotional energy that must take.  Do you think Bashar al-Assad thought at all about the toll the civil war must be having on Syria's people, or is the enormity of his sin so great that he can't even speak about it?  Closer to home, do we ever wonder about the toll exacted upon our homeless population by policies that seem to be helpful when all they actually do is frustrate and make the problem worse.  At what point do we lose our compassion and fall into the sin of complacency and inaction?

Nathan tells his parable in such a way that David becomes outraged by the rich man’s behavior only to realize that they are his own actions, his own sin.  And it is a rude awakening.  I think it would be quite humbling, not to mention shaming, to hear Nathan say, “You are the man!  You are the one without compassion!”  When do we become outraged by our own behavior?

The Bible scholar Patrick Miller wrote that Psalm 51 “bids us open our eyes to look for evidence” that wickedness leads to its own destruction “in a world that is shaped and governed by God’s moral order.”  The al-Assad’s of the world will be defeated by the weight of their own sin.

Psalm 51 is a reaction to Nathan’s parable and David comes up against the hard truth that his sin is ever before him.  Thomas Long, a professor at Candler School of Theology in Atlanta, wrote in response that “You shall know the truth, and the truth shall tear you apart.”  This truth is only bearable by God’s grace and willingness to judge us and restore us.

There is a moment in reading Psalm 51 when we know ourselves to be forgiven.  That moment represents a new beginning which we owe to a faithful God of steadfast love and abundant mercy.

Which brings us to Jesus: today’s Gospel reading from John finds Jesus in Capernaum immediately after the feeding of the five thousand.  The crowd continues to follow him, Jesus said, “not because you saw signs, but because you ate your fill of the loaves.”  Who wouldn’t follow a prophet who also provides a buffet?

So they said to him, “What sign are you going to give us then, so that we may see it and believe you?  What work are you performing?”  Of course, Jesus himself is the sign.  And the connection to Psalm 51 is this: the work Jesus is performing, then and today, is to cleanse us from our sin; to put a new and right spirit within us; to create in us a clean heart; and to reconcile us one with each other.  Through Jesus, our relationship with God is restored.  That’s what I hear when I read the psalm and the gospel together.

Psalm 51 includes tension, challenge, and promise.  It speaks of places within us where we don’t want to go.  It also celebrates redemption and God’s steadfast love.  The afflictions we deal with in this psalm are spiritual.  Our bodies are not broken but our relationships with God and our resistance to God are.  The psalm also gives us an awareness of God’s saving action and cleansing ways.  When we say “thy will be done,” we free ourselves to be filled with the will and grace of God.

The good news here is that God can and will restore the relationships we have broken.  We are not doomed to remain in a cycle of sin, repentance, and forgiveness followed only by more sin.  Through this psalm, we can see both our past and God’s future for us with new understanding.  God will create in us a new beginning, sustain us in times of spiritual drought, and restore to us the joy of God’s salvation.

Maybe it’s time for our friend to get a new bumper sticker that reads: “If you’re not paying attention, God have mercy.”

Amen.

Unintended Consequences

Adam Kirsch recently published a series of articles in Tablet magazine (here, here, and here).  One article, ‘Why Taking Vows Is a Wicked Act,’ raises questions about how ‘taking a vow’ might not be such a good idea.  Kirsch delves into the Talmud’s Tractate Nedarim, which is devoted to oaths, vows, and the problems associated with them from the rabbinical point of view.  He quotes both Ecclesiastes and Rabbi Meir, both of whom believe it is better not to take a vow at all.  Why not?

The Bible insists that a vow, once taken, must be kept: “When a man takes a vow to the Lord, or swears an oath to bind his soul with a bond, he shall not profane his word; he shall do according to all that proceeds out of his mouth,” says Numbers 30:2.  But Ecclesiastes says, “Do not let your mouth lead you into sin” (Ecclesiastes 5:6).

One reason not to take a vow is that by doing so, you potentially set yourself up for failure by, according to the Talmud, placing “a stumbling-block” in your own way.  These obstacles encourage people to use dishonest methods to get out of their vows; it is in the making of the vow, then, that leads you into the sin of dishonesty.

This led the rabbis to decide that the courts should not punish people for trying to get out of their vows with bad excuses.  In order to teach people not to take vows lightly, they would often try to provide a better excuse to dissolve the vow, on the theory that a person wouldn’t have made the vow in the first place if they could foresee the unintended consequences resulting from it (think of Herod’s vow in Mark 6:17-24 to give ‘whatever you wish’ to his wife’s daughter only to realize it would mean the end of John the Baptist).

Kirsch tells us the following story: ‘In Nedarim 22b, we hear about the time Rabbi Shimon came before the sages asking for the dissolution of a vow.  However, when the sages offered him various ways out, he kept refusing them: “They said to him: Did you vow with the knowledge of this particular fact?  He said: Yes.”  This happened over and over again, so that the sages had to puzzle over the case all day long – “from sun to shade, and again from shade to sun.”  Finally, a rabbi called Botnit came up with an ingenious solution.  Would Shimon have made the vow if he had known that dissolving it would cause so much trouble to the rabbis?  No, Shimon said, and so the rabbis dissolved the vow.’

The Talmud makes clear that it will go to great lengths to release a Jew from a vow, rather than force him to break the vow and commit a sin.

But what about those times when someone makes a vow for us in our name?

Consider Samson.  It was the angel of the Lord who told Samson’s mother, “Now be careful not to drink wine or strong drink, or to eat anything unclean, for you shall conceive and bear a son.  No razor is to come on his head, for the boy shall be a nazirite to God from birth.”  As the story progresses, it becomes clear that Samson has none of these vows in mind as he tears apart a lion, bashes the Philistines up and down Gaza, and enjoyed a seven-day wedding feast.

The one vow he does keep, ‘his whole secret,’ the one he keeps literally until the end, has everything to do with his hair: “If my head were shaved, then my strength would leave me; I would become weak, and be like anyone else.”  Susan Niditch points out that ‘the “hair growing” aspect of the Nazirite vow is central to the narrative, its plot, its hero’s characterization, and its central themes.’[i]  Samson seems aware that the source of his great strength lies in his hair.  The other vows – the ones not made by Samson for himself – matter little to him and to the story.  So, in essence, when the writer of Judges associated ‘the Nazirite vow’ with Samson, it was really just a plot device to help build a contrast between nature and culture, and had nothing to do with vows per se at all.

And yet, in Numbers 6:1-21, the Bible goes out of its way to provide the legislation for Nazirite behavior.  In fact, this is the only place where the Bible mentions taking a vow to become a Nazirite.  Two questions arise for me, then: were Nazirite vows different from any other kind of Biblical vow, and are vows in the Bible different than modern-day vows?

Short answer: No and Yes.

Tony Cartledge did some work[ii] and concluded that Nazirite vows, like most Biblical vows, ‘were most likely conditional promises of special service,’ of the ‘if you do this, Lord, then I will do that’ variety.  For example, in Genesis 28:20-21, “Jacob made a vow, saying, ‘If God will be with me, and will keep me in this way that I go, and will give me bread to eat and clothing to wear, so that I come again to my father’s house in peace, then the Lord shall be my God.”

In 2 Samuel 15:8, Absalom said to the king, “If the Lord will indeed bring me back to Jerusalem, then I will worship the Lord in Hebron.”

Other Biblical vows were made under duress during war time:

In Numbers 21:2, “Israel made a vow to the Lord and said, ‘If you will indeed give this people into our hands, then we will utterly destroy their towns.’”

And in Judges 11:30-31, Jephthah made a vow to the Lord, and said, “If you will give the Ammonites into my hand, then whoever comes out of the doors of my house to meet me, when I return victorious from the Ammonites, shall be the Lord’s, to be offered up by me as a burnt-offering.”  Talk about unintended consequences: the first one out the door to greet him was his daughter.  Do you think Jephthah might have wanted to take that vow back?

Some vows are masked somewhat.  Psalm 35 includes a petition that says, basically, “Rescue me and then I will thank thee, Lord!”  Essentially, though, in the Bible, promises were made conditionally in the prospect of receiving an answered prayer.

Today, we think of vows as binding promises, solemn and unbreakable.  The Canadian Mounted Police vow to always get their man and they do, because they will not rest until the goal is reached.  Institutionally, we understand modern vows, for example, wedding vows, to be unconditional.  Our understanding of vows is shaped by societal and cultural forces.  No one today would make a vow like Jephthah’s and if they did, they would probably work pretty hard to avoid fulfilling it.

On the other, every day, people vow to stay together “for better or worse, for richer and poorer, in sickness and in health” unconditionally and just as often, they break their vows and/or dissolve the marriage union.

So when we debate issues such as who is entitled to marry whom, or whether the enacted law ought to be defined by those who wrote it or by those who interpret it, perhaps we ought to consider the unintended consequences of any kind of vow-taking.  After all, as Adam Kirsch points out, a vow is a promise to go above and beyond, to make a personal sacrifice in the name of God.  Are you ready for that?

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[i] Susan Niditch, “Samson as Culture Hero, Trickster, and Bandit: The Empowerment of the Weak,” Catholic Biblical Quarterly 52 (1990), 612.  Gregory Mobley expands on this.  He writes that Samson becomes alienated from God “only when he allows himself to be domesticated;” that is, as long as he maintains his connection to nature in the form of his uncut hair, he is connected to God.  “The Wild Man in the Bible and the Ancient Near East,” Journal of Biblical Literature 116/2 (1997), 230.

[ii] Tony W. Cartledge, “Were Nazirite Vows Unconditional?” Catholic Biblical Quarterly 51 (1989).  He further concluded that Samson, who had made no vow of his own, was paying a debt incurred by his mother.

Book Review - Exploring the Bible: The Dickinson Series

Exploring the Bible: The Dickinson Series.  Rev. Anne Robertson.  The Massachusetts Bible Society, 2012-2014.  Three volumes, with a foreword by Dr Charles Dickinson.  Softcover.

 In the same way that everyone talks about the weather yet no one does anything about it, many people admit that they want to “get into the Bible” but tend to get stuck almost immediately.  Whether your strategy is to read the entire Bible from Genesis to Revelation in one year or simply to open the Bible at random every now and then, it can be daunting to establish a relationship with Scripture from scratch.  This new series by the Rev. Anne Robertson goes a long way to removing barriers to entry, so to speak.  Designed for a wide range of people, from casual or informal readers studying on their own, to intentional students working in small groups, this three-volume series includes both student texts and corresponding leader texts.  The Exploring the Bible series includes a program that provides a “birds-eye view” of Scripture over six 90-minute sessions complete with homework and student presentations.  One can even earn a certificate of Biblical Literacy, with the courses counting as continuing education units.

The Massachusetts Bible Society exists primarily to promote biblical literacy.  Toward that end, Rev. Robertson claims three “foundational biases” in the presentation of information in the series: the idea that the Bible can be read and interpreted by any interested individuals; that scholarship plays a constructive role in conversation with diverse faith traditions and interpretations; and that a “smidge of skepticism” is a necessary tool for study, in concert with the checks and balances of our reasoning ability, the voices of others, and the “anchor” of our various faith traditions, to build a solid foundation of Bible knowledge.  And that is the point of the series: to open up the Bible as something to be read – whether you want to do that critically or simply for enjoyment.

With this Bible study series, Robertson intends two things: to make us all better Bible readers who can turn to Scripture confident that we will find it a deeply rewarding source of wisdom and insight, and to create a new generation of Bible study leaders in a community setting with courses designed to show leaders how to facilitate group discussions.

The first volume, “What Is the Bible?” gives a broad overview of the Bible and its organization, includes a guide to choosing the Bible that’s right for you, a discussion of how the books of the Bible were chosen, and the role of archaeology in forming our understanding of the texts.  The second volume, “Introducing the Old Testament,” looks at the best-known stories, characters, and themes of the Old Testament, as well as insights into Hebrew literature and the people of the ancient Near East.  The third volume, “Introducing the New Testament,” offers a similar treatment to the Gospels, letters, and other texts important to the early church.

There can be little doubt that some of the content in these volumes will cause discomfort in some readers, especially the sections in Volume II that deal with, for example, the appearance of Cain’s wife in Genesis 4, or the mention of the Nephilim, or, even more likely, when things probably happened versus when they were written down.  Robertson wisely and skillfully confronts the mindset that truth can only equal facts, and puts it aside as quickly as it appears.

The student texts also use timelines as a very helpful tool for gaining context and extra-biblical information.  For example, the Hebrew calendar dates the Great Flood to 2104 BCE, but eight hundred years before that, glass and papyrus were invented and first used (Vol. II, 24).  In this fashion, the author reveals fully-formed societies that were on the move.  The world was a busy place beyond what was happening in the Bible.  Abraham and Sarah didn’t live in a vacuum; their story was shaped as much by the world around them as it was by their faith in God.

In addition to timelines, Robertson makes good use of sidebars, graphs, and photos.  Volume two includes Abraham’s genealogy that shows who birthed whom and the origins of the Twelve Tribes of Israel.  Volume three features artwork both ancient and modern, depicting scenes and personages from the first century.  The appendices in the third volume are valuable on their own, including brief biographies of Jesus’ disciples, discussions on the apocryphal books of the New Testament and on who killed Jesus, and a glossary, among other things.

Most likely, the people who come to this series will be Christians, and for them, volumes two and three will be of great interest, with volume three getting the most attention.  They won’t be disappointed.  The student texts are generally easy reading but at the same time, they convey a lot of information in compact units.  Robertson’s writing flows freely yet her knowledge is scholarly and deep.  To our benefit, she takes the time to identify who was who in the first century, with brief sketches of the Pharisees, Sadducees, Essenes, Levites, and so on.  If you want to know the difference between the Son of Man, the Son of David, and the Son of God, here is a good place to start.

The leader texts are geared toward facilitating group study and they include everything a leader would need to have handy without having to refer to the student text.

A second edition is now available at Amazon.com.  These updated editions fix technical problems with some web site links, standardizes the introductory and supplemental material and fixes errors reported by readers of the first edition.  For more information about the series as a whole and the options it provides for beginning Bible study, check the MassBible.org and exploringthebible.org web sites.

Taken as a whole, this is an ambitious project and is so well-conceived and presented, one hopes for its immediate success.  We root for it to become the new standard for both small-group and individual Bible study.

Why Triphammer Road?

A trip hammer, also known as a helve hammer, is a massive powered hammer used in agriculture, mining, and fabricating tools from iron and other metals. Trip hammers were usually raised by a cam and then released to fall under the force of gravity. [Source: wikipedia]

Trip hammers uniquely solved a particular problem - how to pound things flat, and they did that one thing well.  Over time, trip hammers became obsolete, and left behind a legacy of ruined mills, ponds, and a changed environment.

Around here, Triphammer Road leads to Triphammer Pond where, in the nineteenth century, clever people used water-powered trip hammers to shape iron for the local ship and fishing industries. 

The mills on Triphammer Pond are no longer in use and Triphammer Road is now a quiet residential side street.  Times change.  We move on.

What can we take away from the idea of violent, loud, and dangerous machinery as the inspiration for reflection and talking about God in our lives?  Maybe it's the Biblical idea that "iron sharpens iron" (Proverbs 27:17).  Or that we are all shaped in some way by powerful forces we can barely control.  Or maybe it's just a cool name.